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docs/HackingAtRandomTalk.txt

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+Micropolis, the open source version of SimCity, is a fun, engaging
+game, that helps teach kids about science, language, mathematics, art
+and politics. Its goal is to fulfill SimCity's potential as a
+microworld for children's learning and exploration.
+
+A web based version of Micropolis is the best way to quickly reach the
+largest audience, and an important step towards the long term goal of
+developing an open source, collaborative multi player, educationally
+oriented simulation gaming platform.
+
+This project is about creating educational open source software. It's
+the culmination of years of research and development, that is now
+possible thanks to Electronic Arts making SimCity open source.
+
+Will Wright wrote the original SimCity city simulation game, first
+released in 1989. Since 1992, Don Hopkins ported SimCity to various
+platforms, redesigned the user interface, added multi player support,
+cleaned and refactored the code, and integrated it with scripting
+languages and web servers.
+
+On January 10, 2008 the SimCity source code was released under the
+free software GPL 3 license, under the name "Micropolis". Now that
+it's GPL, it can be adapted to many platforms, including Linux, Mac,
+and Windows guis, as well as web servers, cell phones and embedded
+devices! And it can be improved and extended to make it a better
+educational tool and open source programming example.
+
+The Micropolis project is building an exemplary open source game out
+of modular reusable components, that other people can learn from,
+build on top of, integrate with other languages and user interfaces,
+and use as a starting point for their own projects.
+
+The plan to develop Micropolis into an educational gaming platform
+draws heavily on the vision and experience of educators, researchers
+and designers including Seymour Papert, Hal Abelson, Alan Kay, Will
+Wright, Ben Shneiderman, and Mark Weiser.
+
+Accomplishments of the Micropolis project so far:
+
+Translated the original C SimCity code to C++.
+
+Cleaned up all the code, organized into types and classes, refactored
+and rewrote old crappy code, renamed variables and functions, measured
+performance and optimized bottlenecks, applied a consistent
+programming style, and heavily commented the code, wrote lots of
+documentation and designs.
+
+Used doxygen to generate extensive online documentation from formatted
+commments in the code, with an html reference manual, member and
+parameter descriptions, usage cross references, hyperlinked listings,
+bug and todo lists, etc.
+
+Removed all of the user interface code from the core simulation engine
+(called MicropolisCore), and added programming interfaces to
+efficiently access the internal data and control the simulation.
+
+Implemented a general purpose TileEngine module, used by but
+independent of Micropolis. Supports various memory formats, efficient
+rendering techniques, graphics sets, tile mapping, lazy procedural
+tile rendering, scaling and panning, caching, and tile animation
+compressed network protocols. The CellEngine cellular automata machine
+module also uses the TileEngine. 
+
+Integrated MicropolisCore, TileEngine and CellEngine with Python by
+using SWIG, a scripting language interface wrapper generator. SWIG
+makes it easy to develop and change the programming interface (C++
+classes, etc), and automatically generate all the glue code that makes
+it possible to access and control the C++ objects from Python (or
+other languages). SWIG's advantage is that it makes it easy to plug
+the same C++ code into many other languages like Lua, Ruby, Java, etc.
+
+Implemented a desktop based GTK user interface to Micropolis, which
+runs on Mac, Windows and Linux. The user interface is written in
+Python, and based on PyGTK for user interface widgets, Cairo for
+graphics, and Pango for text.
+
+Implemented a desktop based GTK user interface to the CellEngine
+module, a cellular automata machine simulation, which uses the same
+TileEngine as Micropolis.
+
+Implemented a web server based OpenLaszlo (Flash) user interface to
+Micropolis, which runs the simulation on the web server, and displays
+the user interface in a web browser with Flash (or eventually any
+mainstream DHTML browser).
+
+Internationalized the web based version of Micropolis, and implemented
+a web based tool for localization, managing and editing translations
+into different languages.
+
+Implemented a MediaWiki extension for embedding OpenLaszlo
+applications in wiki pages, so you can write Wiki pages including live
+playable views of cities.
+

docs/MicropolisHARTalk.key/Contents/PkgInfo

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+????????

docs/bibliography.html

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+<html>
+
+<head>
+    <title>Bibliography</title>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+    <h1>Bibliography</h1>
+
+    <h2>City Planning Bibliography</h2>
+
+    <ul>
+
+        <li>Boyer, R., and D. Savageau. <em>Places Rated
+                Almanac</em>. Chicago: Rand McNally &amp; Co., 1986.</li>
+
+        <li>Callenbach, Ernest. <em>Ecotopia</em>. Berkeley: Banyan Tree
+            Books, 1975.</li>
+
+        <li>Choay, Francoise. <em>The Modern City: Planning in the 19th
+                Century</em>. New York: George Braziller, 1969.</li>
+
+        <li>Clark, David. <em>Urban Geography</em>. Baltimore: The Johns
+            Hopkins University Press, 1982.</li>
+
+        <li>Clay, Grady. <em>Close-Up, How to Read the American
+                City</em>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980.</li>
+
+        <li>Gallion, A., and S. Eisner. <em>The Urban Pattern</em>. New York:
+            Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1986.</li>
+
+        <li>Greenburg, M., D. Krueckeberg, and C. Michaelson. <em>Local
+                population and Employment Projection Techniques</em>. New Brunswick:
+            Center for Urban Policy Research, 1987.</li>
+
+        <li>Hoskin, Frank P. <em>The Language of Cities</em>. Cambridge:
+            Schenkman Publishing Company, 1972.</li>
+
+        <li>Jacobs, Jane. <em>The Death and Life of Great American
+                Cities</em>. New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1974.</li>
+
+        <li>Le Corbusier. <em>The City of Tomorrow and Its Planning</em>. New
+            York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1987.</li>
+
+        <li>Lynch, Kevin. <em>A Theory of Good City Form</em>. Cambridge: MIT
+            Press, 1981.</li>
+
+        <li>Register, Richard. <em>Ecocity Berkeley</em>. Berkeley: North
+            Atlantic Books, 1987</li>
+
+        <li><em>Planning: The magazine of the American Planning
+                Association</em>. 1313 E. 60th St. Chicago, IL 60637.</li>
+
+    </ul>
+
+    <h2>Related Reading for Children</h2>
+
+    <h3>Fiction</h3>
+
+    <ul>
+
+        <li>Burton, Virginia Lee. <em>The Little House</em>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
+            1942 (reissued 1969).</li>
+
+        <li>Murphy, Shirley, and Murphy, Pat. <em>Mrs. Tortino's Return to the
+                Sun</em>. Shepard Books, 1980.</li>
+
+        <li>Dr. Seuss. <em>The Lorax</em>. New Youk: Random House, 1971.</li>
+
+    </ul>
+
+    <h3>Nonfiction</h3>
+
+    <ul>
+
+        <li>Barker, Albert. <em>From Settlement to City</em>. New York: Julian
+            Messner, 1978.</li>
+
+        <li>Eichner, James A. <em>The First Book of Local Government</em>. New
+            York: Franklin Watts, 1976.</li>
+
+        <li>Macaulay, David. <em>City: A Story of Roman Planning and
+                Construction</em>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974.</li>
+
+        <li>Macaulay, David. <em>Underground</em>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
+            1976.</li>
+
+        <li>Monroe, Roxie. <em>Artchitects Make Zigzags: Looking at
+                Architecture from A to Z</em>. Washington D.C.: National Trust for
+            Historic Preservation, 1986.</li>
+
+        <li>Rhodes, Dorthy. <em>How to Read a City Map</em>. Chicago: Elk
+            Grove Press, 1967.</li>
+
+    </ul>
+
+    <p>
+        For information on city planning and related subjects, contact:
+    </p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        American Planning Association
+        <br />
+        Planners Bookstore
+        <br />
+        1313 E. 60th St. Chicago, IL 60637
+        <br />
+        (312) 955-9100
+        <br />
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <br />
+
+    <hr>
+    <p>
+    <h2>Micropolis, Unix Version.</h2>
+    This game was released for the Unix platform
+    in or about 1990 and has been modified for inclusion in the One Laptop
+    Per Child program. Copyright &copy; 1989 - 2007 Electronic Arts Inc. If
+    you need assistance with this program, you may contact:
+    <a href="http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Micropolis">http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Micropolis</a> or email <a
+        href="mailto:micropolis@laptop.org">micropolis@laptop.org</a>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+        it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+        the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
+        your option) any later version.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+        WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+        MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+        General Public License for more details. You should have received a
+        copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If
+        not, see <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/">http://www.gnu.org/licenses/</a>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+    <h3 align="center">ADDITIONAL TERMS per GNU GPL Section 7</h3>
+
+    </p>
+    <p>
+        No trademark or publicity rights are granted. This license does NOT
+        give you any right, title or interest in the trademark SimCity or any
+        other Electronic Arts trademark. You may not distribute any
+        modification of this program using the trademark SimCity or claim any
+        affliation or association with Electronic Arts Inc. or its employees.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        Any propagation or conveyance of this program must include this
+        copyright notice and these terms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        If you convey this program (or any modifications of it) and assume
+        contractual liability for the program to recipients of it, you agree
+        to indemnify Electronic Arts for any liability that those contractual
+        assumptions impose on Electronic Arts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        You may not misrepresent the origins of this program; modified
+        versions of the program must be marked as such and not identified as
+        the original program.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        This disclaimer supplements the one included in the General Public
+        License. <b>TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMISSIBLE UNDER APPLICABLE LAW, THIS
+            PROGRAM IS PROVIDED TO YOU "AS IS," WITH ALL FAULTS, WITHOUT WARRANTY
+            OF ANY KIND, AND YOUR USE IS AT YOUR SOLE RISK. THE ENTIRE RISK OF
+            SATISFACTORY QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE RESIDES WITH YOU. ELECTRONIC ARTS
+            DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY WARRANTIES,
+            INCLUDING IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, SATISFACTORY QUALITY,
+            FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY
+            RIGHTS, AND WARRANTIES (IF ANY) ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING,
+            USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. ELECTRONIC ARTS DOES NOT WARRANT AGAINST
+            INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE PROGRAM; THAT THE PROGRAM WILL
+            MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS; THAT OPERATION OF THE PROGRAM WILL BE
+            UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE, OR THAT THE PROGRAM WILL BE COMPATIBLE
+            WITH THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE OR THAT ANY ERRORS IN THE PROGRAM WILL BE
+            CORRECTED. NO ORAL OR WRITTEN ADVICE PROVIDED BY ELECTRONIC ARTS OR
+            ANY AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE SHALL CREATE A WARRANTY. SOME
+            JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF OR LIMITATIONS ON IMPLIED
+            WARRANTIES OR THE LIMITATIONS ON THE APPLICABLE STATUTORY RIGHTS OF A
+            CONSUMER, SO SOME OR ALL OF THE ABOVE EXCLUSIONS AND LIMITATIONS MAY
+            NOT APPLY TO YOU.</b>
+    </p>
+</body>
+
+</html>

docs/credits.html

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+<html>
+
+<head>
+    <title>Credits</title>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+    <h1>Credits</h1>
+
+    <ul>
+
+        <li>Unix Implementation, User Interface, Graphics and Multi-Player Game Design:
+            Don Hopkins
+
+        <li>TCL/Tk Scripting Language and Toolkit: John Ousterhout (Scriptics).
+
+        <li>HyperLook User Interface System:
+            Arthur van Hoff, Doug Scoular, Don Hopkins (The Turing Institute, Ltd.)
+
+        <li>Original Micropolis Concept and Design:
+            Will Wright (Maxis Software)
+
+        <li>Contributors to Design:
+            Don Hopkins, Arthur van Hoff, Jeff Braun, Robert Strobel, Brian Witt
+
+        <li>Graphic Artwork:
+            Don Bayless, Will Wright, Scott Martindale, Don Hopkins
+
+        <li>Documentation:
+            Michael Bremer, Cliff Ellis, Akila Redmer, Tom Bentlery, Will Wright, Don Hopkins
+
+        <li>Sounds:
+            Will Wright, Steve Hales, Don Hopkins
+
+        <li>City Scenarios:
+            Jonathan Trachtenberg, Brett G. Durrett
+
+        <li>Special Thanks to:
+            Will Wright, Lucy Bradshaw, Upmanu Lall,
+            Arthur van Hoff, Dug Scoular, Marcel van Vuure, Bob Adams, Carol
+            Adams, Rafael Bracho, Josh Siegel, John Gilmore, Tim Niblett,
+            Maxis, Dux Software, The Turing Institute, HyperNeWS Fund Contributers
+
+    </ul>
+
+    Software and Manual Copyright (C) 2002 by Electronic Arts.
+    <p>
+
+        <hr>
+    <p>
+    <h2>Micropolis, Unix Version.</h2>
+    This game was released for the Unix platform
+    in or about 1990 and has been modified for inclusion in the One Laptop
+    Per Child program. Copyright &copy; 1989 - 2007 Electronic Arts Inc. If
+    you need assistance with this program, you may contact:
+    <a href="http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Micropolis">http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Micropolis</a> or email <a
+        href="mailto:micropolis@laptop.org">micropolis@laptop.org</a>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+        it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+        the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
+        your option) any later version.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+        WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+        MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+        General Public License for more details. You should have received a
+        copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If
+        not, see <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/">http://www.gnu.org/licenses/</a>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+    <h3 align="center">ADDITIONAL TERMS per GNU GPL Section 7</h3>
+
+    </p>
+    <p>
+        No trademark or publicity rights are granted. This license does NOT
+        give you any right, title or interest in the trademark SimCity or any
+        other Electronic Arts trademark. You may not distribute any
+        modification of this program using the trademark SimCity or claim any
+        affliation or association with Electronic Arts Inc. or its employees.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        Any propagation or conveyance of this program must include this
+        copyright notice and these terms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        If you convey this program (or any modifications of it) and assume
+        contractual liability for the program to recipients of it, you agree
+        to indemnify Electronic Arts for any liability that those contractual
+        assumptions impose on Electronic Arts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        You may not misrepresent the origins of this program; modified
+        versions of the program must be marked as such and not identified as
+        the original program.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        This disclaimer supplements the one included in the General Public
+        License. <b>TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMISSIBLE UNDER APPLICABLE LAW, THIS
+            PROGRAM IS PROVIDED TO YOU "AS IS," WITH ALL FAULTS, WITHOUT WARRANTY
+            OF ANY KIND, AND YOUR USE IS AT YOUR SOLE RISK. THE ENTIRE RISK OF
+            SATISFACTORY QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE RESIDES WITH YOU. ELECTRONIC ARTS
+            DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY WARRANTIES,
+            INCLUDING IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, SATISFACTORY QUALITY,
+            FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY
+            RIGHTS, AND WARRANTIES (IF ANY) ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING,
+            USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. ELECTRONIC ARTS DOES NOT WARRANT AGAINST
+            INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE PROGRAM; THAT THE PROGRAM WILL
+            MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS; THAT OPERATION OF THE PROGRAM WILL BE
+            UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE, OR THAT THE PROGRAM WILL BE COMPATIBLE
+            WITH THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE OR THAT ANY ERRORS IN THE PROGRAM WILL BE
+            CORRECTED. NO ORAL OR WRITTEN ADVICE PROVIDED BY ELECTRONIC ARTS OR
+            ANY AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE SHALL CREATE A WARRANTY. SOME
+            JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF OR LIMITATIONS ON IMPLIED
+            WARRANTIES OR THE LIMITATIONS ON THE APPLICABLE STATUTORY RIGHTS OF A
+            CONSUMER, SO SOME OR ALL OF THE ABOVE EXCLUSIONS AND LIMITATIONS MAY
+            NOT APPLY TO YOU.</b>
+    </p>
+</body>
+
+</html>

docs/history.html

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+<html>
+
+<head>
+    <title>History Of Cities And City Planning</title>
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+    <h1>History Of Cities And City Planning</h1>
+
+    <h1>By Cliff Ellis</h1>
+
+    <h2>Introduction</h2>
+
+    The building of cities has a long and complex history. Although city
+    planning as an organized profession has existed for less than a
+    century, all cities display various degrees of forethought and
+    conscious design in their layout and functioning. <p>
+
+        Early humans led a nomadic existence, relying on hunting and gathering
+        for sustenance. Between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago, systematic
+        cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals allowed for
+        more permanent settlements. During the fourth millennium B.C., the
+        requirements for the "urban revolution" were finally met: the
+        production of a surplus of storable food, a system of writing, a more
+        complex social organization, and technological advances such as the
+        plough, potter's wheel, loom, and metallurgy.
+    <p>
+
+        Cities exist for many reasons, and the diversity of urban forms can be
+        traced to the complex functions that cities perform. Cities serve as
+        centers of storage, trade, and manufacture. The agricultural surplus
+        from the surrounding countryside is processed and distributed in
+        cities. Cities also grew up around marketplaces, where goods from
+        distant places could be exchanged for local products. Throughout
+        history, cities have been founded at the intersections of
+        transportation routes, or at points where goods must shift from one
+        mode of transportation to another, as at river and ocean ports.
+    <p>
+
+        Religious elements have been crucial throughout urban history. Ancient
+        peoples had sacred places, often associated with cemeteries or
+        shrines, around which cities grew. Ancient cities usually had large
+        temple precincts with monumental religious buildings. Many medieval
+        cities were built near monasteries and cathedrals.
+    <p>
+
+        Cities often provide protection in a precarious world. During attacks,
+        the rural populace could flee behind city walls, where defence forces
+        assembled to repel the enemy. The wall served this purpose for
+        millennia, until the invention of heavy artillery rendered walls
+        useless in warfare. With the advent of modern aerial warfare, cities
+        have become prime targets for destruction rather than safe havens.
+    <p>
+
+        Cities serve as centers of government. In particular, the emergence of
+        the great nation-states of Europe between 1400 and 1800 led to the
+        creation of new capital cities or the investing of existing cities
+        with expanded governmental functions.
+    <p>
+
+        Washington, D.C., for example, displays the monumental buildings,
+        radial street pattern, and large public spaces typical of capital
+        cities.
+    <p>
+
+        Cities, with their concentration of talent, mixture of peoples, and
+        economic surplus, have provided a fertile ground for the evolution of
+        human culture: the arts, scientific research, and technical
+        innovation. They serve as centers of communication, where new ideas
+        and information are spread to the surrounding territory and to foreign
+        lands.
+    <p>
+
+    <h2>Constraints on City Form</h2>
+
+    Cities are physical artifacts inserted into a preexisting natural
+    world, and natural constraints must be respected if a settlement is to
+    survive and prosper. Cities must conform to the landscape in which
+    they are located, although technologies have gradually been developed
+    to reorganize the land to suit human purposes. Moderately sloping land
+    provides the best urban site, but spectacular effects have been
+    achieved on hilly sites such as San Francisco, Rio de Janeiro, and
+    Athens. <p>
+
+        Climate influences city form. For example, streets have been aligned
+        to take advantage of cooling breezes, and arcades designed to shield
+        pedestrians from sun and rain. The architecture of individual
+        buildings often reflects adaptations to temperature, rainfall, snow,
+        wind and other climatic characteristics.
+    <p>
+
+        Cities must have a healthy water supply, and locations along rivers
+        and streams, or near underground watercourses, have always been
+        favored. Many large modern cities have outgrown their local water
+        supplies and rely upon distant water sources diverted by elaborate
+        systems of pipes and canals.
+    <p>
+
+        City location and internal structure have been profoundly influenced
+        by natural transportation routes. Cities have often been sited near
+        natural harbors, on navigable rivers, or along land routes determined
+        by regional topography.
+    <p>
+
+        Finally, cities have had to survive periodic natural disasters such as
+        earthquakes, hurricanes, tornados, and floods. The San Francisco
+        earthquake of 1906 demonstrated how natural forces can undo decades of
+        human labor in a very short time.
+    <p>
+
+    <h2>Elements of Urban Structure</h2>
+
+    City planners must weave a complex, ever-changing array of elements
+    into a working whole: that is the perennial challenge of city
+    planning. The physical elements of the city can be divided into three
+    categories: networks, buildings, and open spaces. Many alternative
+    arrangements of these components have been tried throughout history,
+    but no ideal city form has ever been agreed upon. Lively debates about
+    the best way to arrange urban anatomies continue to rage, and show no
+    signs of abating. <p>
+
+    <h3>Networks</h3>
+
+    Every modern city contains an amazing array of pathways to carry flows
+    of people, goods, water, energy, and information. Transportation
+    networks are the largest and most visible of these. Ancient cities
+    relied on streets, most of them quite narrow by modern standards, to
+    carry foot traffic and carts. The modern city contains a complex
+    hierarchy of transportation channels, ranging from ten-lane freeways
+    to sidewalks. In the United States, the bulk of trips are carried by
+    the private automobile, with mass transit a distant second. American
+    cities display the low-density sprawl characteristic of auto-centered
+    urban development. In contrast, many European cities have the high
+    densities necessary to support rail transit. <p>
+
+        Modern cities rely on complex networks of utilities. When cities were
+        small, obtaining pure water and disposing of wastes was not a major
+        problem, but cities with large populations and high densities require
+        expensive public infrastructure. During the nineteenth century, rapid
+        urban growth and industrialization caused overcrowding, pollution, and
+        disease in urban areas. After the connection between impure water and
+        disease was established, American and European cities began to install
+        adequate sewer and water systems. Since the late nineteenth century,
+        cities have also been laced with wires and conduits carrying
+        electricity, gas, and communications signals.
+    <p>
+
+    <h3>Buildings</h3>
+
+    Buildings are the most visible elements of the city, the features that
+    give each city its unique character. Residential structures occupy
+    almost half of all urban land, with the building types ranging from
+    scattered single-family homes to dense high-rise apartments.
+    Commercial buildings are clustered downtown and at various subcenters,
+    with skyscrapers packed into the central business district and
+    low-rise structures prevailing elsewhere, although tall buildings are
+    becoming more common in the suburbs. Industrial buildings come in many
+    forms ranging from large factory complexes in industrial districts to
+    small workshops. <p>
+
+        City planners engage in a constant search for the proper arrangement
+        of these different types of land use, paying particular attention to
+        the compatibility of different activities, population densities,
+        traffic generation, economic efficiency, social relationships, and the
+        height and bulk of buildings.
+    <p>
+
+    <h3>Open Spaces</h3>
+
+    Open space is sometimes treated as a leftover, but it contributes
+    greatly to the quality of urban life. "Hard" spaces such as plazas,
+    malls, and courtyards provide settings for public activities of all
+    kinds. "Soft" spaces such as parks, gardens, lawns, and nature
+    preserves provide essential relief from harsh urban conditions and
+    serve as space for recreational activities. These "amenities"
+    increasingly influence which cities will be perceived as desirable
+    places to live. <p>
+
+    <h2>Evolution of Urban Form</h2>
+
+    The first true urban settlements appeared around 3,000 B.C. in ancient
+    Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley. Ancient cities displayed
+    both "organic" and "planned" types of urban form. These societies had
+    elaborate religious, political, and military hierarchies. Precincts
+    devoted to the activities of the elite were often highly planned and
+    regular in form. In contrast, residential areas often grew by a slow
+    process of accretion, producing complex, irregular patterns that we
+    term "organic." Two typical features of the ancient city are the wall
+    and the citadel: the wall for defense in regions periodically swept by
+    conquering armies, and the citadel -- a large, elevated precinct
+    within the city -- devoted to religious and state functions. <p>
+
+        Greek cities did not follow a single pattern. Cities growing slowly
+        from old villages often had an irregular, organic form, adapting
+        gradually to the accidents of topography and history. Colonial cities,
+        however, were planned prior to settlement using the grid system. The
+        grid is easy to lay out, easy to comprehend, and divides urban land
+        into uniform rectangular lots suitable for development.
+    <p>
+
+        The Romans engaged in extensive city-building activities as they
+        consolidated their empire. Rome itself displayed the informal
+        complexity created by centuries of organic growth, although particular
+        temple and public districts were highly planned. In contrast, the
+        Roman military and colonial towns were laid out in a variation of the
+        grid. Many European cities, like London and Paris, sprang from these
+        Roman origins.
+    <p>
+
+        We usually associate medieval cities with narrow winding streets
+        converging on a market square with a cathedral and city hall. Many
+        cities of this period display this pattern, the product of thousands
+        of incremental additions to the urban fabric. However, new towns
+        seeded throughout undeveloped regions of Europe were based upon the
+        familiar grid. In either case, large encircling walls were built for
+        defense against marauding armies; new walls enclosing more land were
+        built as the city expanded and outgrew its former container.
+    <p>
+
+        During the Renaissance, architects began to systematically study the
+        shaping of urban space, as though the city itself were a piece of
+        architecture that could be given an aesthetically pleasing and
+        functional order. Many of the great public spaces of Rome and other
+        Italian cities date from this era. Parts of old cities were rebuilt to
+        create elegant squares, long street vistas, and symmetrical building
+        arrangements. Responding to advances in firearms during the fifteenth
+        century, new city walls were designed with large earthworks to deflect
+        artillery, and star-shaped points to provide defenders with sweeping
+        lines of fire. Spanish colonial cities in the New World were built
+        according to rules codified in the Laws of the Indies of 1573,
+        specifying an orderly grid of streets with a central plaza, defensive
+        wall, and uniform building style.
+    <p>
+
+        We associate the baroque city with the emergence of great
+        nation-states between 1600 and 1750. Ambitious monarchs constructed
+        new palaces, courts, and bureaucratic offices. The grand scale was
+        sought in urban public spaces: long avenues, radial street networks,
+        monumental squares, geometric parks and gardens. Versailles is a clear
+        expression of this city-building model; Washington, D.C. is an example
+        from the United States. Baroque principles of urban design were used
+        by Baron Haussmann in his celebrated restructuring of Paris between
+        1853 and 1870. Haussmann carved broad new thoroughfares through the
+        tangled web of old Parisian streets, linking major subcenters of the
+        city with one another in a pattern which has served as a model for
+        many other modernization plans.
+    <p>
+
+        Toward the latter half of the eighteenth century, particularly in
+        America, the city as a setting for commerce assumed primacy. The
+        buildings of the bourgeoisie expand along with their owners'
+        prosperity: banks, office buildings, warehouses, hotels, and small
+        factories. New towns founded during this period were conceived as
+        commercial enterprises, and the neutral grid was the most effective
+        means to divide land up into parcels for sale. The city became a
+        checkerboard on which players speculated on shifting land values. No
+        longer would religious, political, and cultural imperatives shape
+        urban development; rather, the market would be allowed to determine
+        the pattern of urban growth. New York, Philadelphia, and Boston around
+        1920 exemplify the commercial city of this era, with their bustling,
+        mixed-use waterfront districts.
+    <p>
+
+    <h2>Transition to the Industrial City</h2>
+
+    Cities have changed more since the Industrial Revolution than in all
+    the previous centuries of their existence. New York had a population
+    of about 313,000 in 1840 but had reached 4,767,000 in 1910. Chicago
+    exploded from 4.000 to 2,185,000 during the same period. Millions of
+    rural dwellers no longer needed on farms flocked to the cities, where
+    new factories churned out products for the new markets made accessible
+    by railroads and steamships. In the United States, millions of
+    immigrants from Europe swelled the urban populations. Increasingly,
+    urban economies were being woven more rightly into the national and
+    international economies. <p>
+
+        Technological innovations poured forth, many with profound impacts on
+        urban form. Railroad tracks were driven into the heart of the city.
+        Internal rail transportation systems greatly expanded the radius of
+        urban settlement: horsecars beginning in the 1830s, cable cars in the
+        1870s, and electric trolleys in the 1880s. In the 1880s, the first
+        central power plants began providing electrical power to urban areas.
+        The rapid communication provided by the telegraph and the telephone
+        allowed formerly concentrated urban activities to disperse across a
+        wider field.
+    <p>
+
+        The industrial city still focused on the city center, which contained
+        both the central business district, defined by large office buildings,
+        and substantial numbers of factory and warehouse structures. Both
+        trolleys and railroad systems converged on the center of the city,
+        which boasted the premier entertainment and shopping establishments.
+        The working class lived in crowded districts close to the city center,
+        near their place of employment.
+    <p>
+
+        Early American factories were located outside of major cities along
+        rivers which provided water power for machinery. After steam power
+        became widely available in the 1930s, factories could be located
+        within the city in proximity to port facilities, rail lines, and the
+        urban labor force. Large manufacturing zones emerged within the major
+        northeastern and midwestern cities such as Pittsburgh, Detroit, and
+        Cleveland. But by the late nineteenth century, factory
+        decentralization had already begun, as manufacturers sought larger
+        parcels of land away from the congestion of the city. Gary, Indiana,
+        for example, was founded in 1906 on the southern shore of Lake
+        Michigan by the United States Steel Company.
+    <p>
+
+        The increasing crowding, pollution, and disease in the central city
+        produced a growing desire to escape to a healthier environment in the
+        suburbs. The upper classes had always been able to retreat to homes in
+        the countryside. Beginning in the 1830s, commuter railroads enabled
+        the upper middle class to commute in to the city center. Horsecar
+        lines were built in many cities between the 1830s and 1880s, allowing
+        the middle class to move out from the central cities into more
+        spacious suburbs. Finally, during the 1890s electric trolleys and
+        elevated rapid transit lines proliferated, providing cheap urban
+        transportation for the majority of the population.
+    <p>
+
+        The central business district of the city underwent a radical
+        transformation with the development of the skyscraper between 1870 and
+        1900. These tall buildings were not technically feasible until the
+        invention of the elevator and steel-frame construction methods.
+        Skyscrapers reflect the dynamics of the real estate market; the tall
+        building extracts the maximum economic value from a limited parcel of
+        land. These office buildings housed the growing numbers of
+        white-collar employees in banking, finance, management, and business
+        services, all manifestations of the shift from an economy of small
+        firms to one of large corporations.
+    <p>
+
+    <h3>The Form of the Modern City
+        in the Age of the Automobile</h3>
+
+    The city of today may be divided into two parts: <p>
+
+    <ul>
+
+        <li>An inner zone, coextensive with the boundaries of the old industrial city.
+
+        <li>Suburban areas, dating from the 1920s, which have been designed for the automobile from the beginning.
+
+    </ul>
+
+    The central business districts of American cities have become centers
+    of information processing, finance, and administration rather than
+    manufacturing. White-collar employees in these economic sectors
+    commute in from the suburbs on a network of urban freeways built
+    during the 1950s and 1960s; this "hub-and-wheel" freeway pattern can
+    be observed on many city maps. New bridges have spanned rivers and
+    bays, as in New York and San Francisco, linking together formerly
+    separate cities into vast urbanized regions. <p>
+
+        Waves of demolition and rebuilding have produced "Manhattanized"
+        downtowns across the land. During the 1950s and 1960s, urban renewal
+        programs cleared away large areas of the old city, releasing the land
+        for new office buildings, convention centers, hotels, and sports
+        complexes. Building surges have converted the downtowns of American
+        cities into forests of tall office buildings. More recently, office
+        functions not requiring a downtown location have been moved to huge
+        office parks in the suburbs.
+    <p>
+
+        Surrounding the central business area lies a large band of old
+        mixed-use and residential buildings which hose the urban poor. High
+        crime, low income, deteriorating services, inadequate housing, and
+        intractable social problems plague these neglected areas of urban
+        America. The manufacturing jobs formerly available to inner city
+        residents are no longer there, and resources have not been committed
+        to replace them.
+    <p>
+
+        These inner city areas have been left behind by a massive migration to
+        the suburbs, which began in the late nineteenth century but
+        accelerated in the 1920s with the spread of the automobile. Freeway
+        building after World War II opened up even larger areas of suburban
+        land, which were quickly filled by people fleeing central city
+        decline. Today, more people live in suburbs than in cities proper.
+        Manufacturers have also moved their production facilities to suburban
+        locations which have freeway and rail accessibility.
+    <p>
+
+        Indeed, we have reached a new stage of urbanization beyond the
+        metropolis. Most major cities are no longer focused exclusively on the
+        traditional downtown. New subcenters have arisen round the periphery,
+        and these subcenters supply most of the daily needs of their adjacent
+        populations. The old metropolis has become a multi-centered urban
+        region. In turn, many of these urban regions have expanded to the
+        point where they have coalesced into vast belts of urbanization --
+        what the geographer Jean Gottman termed "megalopolis." The prime
+        example is the eastern seaboard of the United States from Boston to
+        Washington. The planner C.A. Doxiadis has speculated that similar vast
+        corridors of urbanization will appear throughout the world during the
+        next century. Thus far, American planners have not had much success in
+        imposing a rational form on this process. However, New Town and
+        greenbelt programs in Britain and the Scandinavian countries have, to
+        some extent, prevented formless sprawl from engulfing the countryside.
+    <p>
+
+    <h3>The Economics of Urban Areas</h3>
+
+    Since the 1950s, city planners have increasingly paid attention to the
+    economics of urban areas. When many American cities experienced fiscal
+    crises during the 1970s, urban financial management assumed even
+    greater importance. Today, planners routinely assess the economic
+    consequences of all major changes in the form of the city. <p>
+
+        Several basic concepts underlie urban and regional economic analysis.
+        First, cities cannot grow if their residents simply provide services
+        for one another. The city must create products which can be sold to an
+        external purchaser, bringing in money which can be reinvested in new
+        production facilities and raw materials. This "economic base" of
+        production for external markets is crucial. Without it, the economic
+        engine of the city grinds to a halt.
+    <p>
+
+        Once the economic base is established, an elaborate internal market
+        can evolve. This market includes the production of goods and services
+        for businesses and residents within the city. Obviously, a large part
+        of the city's physical plant is devoted to facilities for internal
+        transactions: retail stores of all kinds, restaurants, local
+        professional services, and so on.
+    <p>
+
+        Modern cities are increasingly engaged in competition for economic
+        resources such as industrial plants, corporate headquarters,
+        high-technology firms, and government facilities. Cities try to lure
+        investment with an array of features: low tax rates, improved
+        transportation and utility infrastructure, cheap land, and skilled
+        labor force. Amenities such as climate, proximity to recreation,
+        parks, elegant architecture, and cultural activities influence the
+        location decisions of businesses and individuals. Many older cities
+        have difficulty surviving in this new economic game. Abandoned by
+        traditional industries, they're now trying to create a new economic
+        base involving growth sectors such as high technology.
+    <p>
+
+        Today, cities no longer compete in mere regional or national markets:
+        the market is an international one. Multinational firms close plants
+        in Chicago or Detroit and build replacements in Asia or Latin America.
+        Foreign products dominate whole sectors of the American consumer goods
+        market. Huge sums of money shift around the globe in instantaneous
+        electronic transactions. Cities must struggle for survival in a
+        volatile environment in which the rules are always changing. This
+        makes city planning even more challenging than before.
+    <p>
+
+    <h2>Modern City Planning</h2>
+
+    Modern city planning can be divided into two distinct but related
+    types of planning. visionary city planning proposes radical changes in
+    the form of the city, often in conjunction with sweeping changes in
+    the social and economic order. Institutionalized city planning is
+    lodged within the existing structures of government, and modifies
+    urban growth processes in moderate, pragmatic ways. It is constrained
+    by the prevailing alignment of political and economic forces within
+    the city. <p>
+
+    <h3>Visionary or Utopian City Planning</h3>
+
+    People have imagined ideal cities for millennia. Plato's Republic was
+    an ideal city, although lacking in the spatial detail of later
+    schemes. Renaissance architects designed numerous geometric cities,
+    and ever since architects have been the chief source of imaginative
+    urban proposals. In the twentieth century, Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd
+    Wright, Paolo Soleri, and dozens of other architects have designed
+    cities on paper. Although few have been realized in pure form, they
+    have influenced the layout of many new towns and urban redevelopment
+    projects. <p>
+
+        In his "Contemporary City for Three Million People" of 1922 and
+        "Radiant City" of 1935, Le Corbusier advocated a high-density urban
+        alternative, with skyscraper office buildings and mid-rise apartments
+        placed within park-like open spaces. Different land uses were located
+        in separate districts, forming a rigid geometric pattern with a
+        sophisticated system of superhighways and rail transit.
+    <p>
+
+        Frank Lloyd Wright envisioned a decentralized low-density city in
+        keeping with his distaste for large cities and belief in frontier
+        individualism. The Broadacre City plan of 1935 is a large grid of
+        arterials spread across the countryside, with most of the internal
+        space devoted to single-family homes on large lots. Areas are also
+        carefully set aside for small farms, light industry, orchards,
+        recreation areas, and other urban facilities. A network of
+        superhighways knits the region together, so spatially dispersed
+        facilities are actually very close in terms of travel time. In many
+        ways, Wright's Broadacre City resembles American suburban and exurban
+        developments of the post-WWII period.
+    <p>
+
+        Many other utopian plans could be catalogued, but the point is that
+        planners and architects have generated a complex array of urban
+        patterns from which to draw ideas and inspiration. Most city planners,
+        however, do not work on a blank canvas; they can only make incremental
+        changes to an urban scene already shaped by a complicated historical
+        process.
+    <p>
+
+    <h3>Institutionalized City Planning</h3>
+
+    The form of the city is determined primarily by thousands of private
+    decisions to construct buildings, within a framework of public
+    infrastructure and regulations administered by the city, state, and
+    federal governments. City planning actions can have enormous impacts
+    on land values. From the point of view of land economics, the city is
+    an enormous playing field on which thousands of competitors struggle
+    to capture value by constructing or trading land and buildings. The
+    goal of city planning is to intervene in this game in order to protect
+    widely shared public values such as health, safety, environmental
+    quality, social equality, and aesthetics. <p>
+
+        The roots of American city planning lie in an array of reform efforts
+        of the late nineteenth century: the Parks movement, the City Beautiful
+        movement, campaigns for housing regulations, the Progressive movement
+        for government reform, and efforts to improve public health through
+        the provision of sanitary sewers and clean water supplies. The First
+        National Conference on City Planning occurred in 1909, the same year
+        as Daniel Burnham's famous Plan of Chicago. That date may be used to
+        mark the inauguration of the new profession. The early city planners
+        actually came from diverse backgrounds such as architecture, landscape
+        architecture, engineering, and law, but they shared a common desire to
+        produce a more orderly urban pattern.
+    <p>
+
+        The zoning of land became, and still is, the most potent instrument
+        available to American city planners for controlling urban development.
+        Zoning is basically the dividing of the city into discrete areas
+        within which only certain land uses and types of buildings can be
+        constructed. The rationale is that certain activities of building
+        types don't mix well; factories and homes, for example. Illogical
+        mixtures create nuisances for the parties involved and lower land
+        values. After several decades of gradual development, land-use zoning
+        received legal approval from the Supreme Court in 1926.
+    <p>
+
+        Zoning isn't the same as planning: it is a legal tool for the
+        implementation of plans. Zoning should be closely integrated with a
+        Master Plan or Comprehensive Plan that spells out a logical path for
+        the city's future in areas such as land use, transportation, parks and
+        recreation, environmental quality, and public works construction. In
+        the early days of zoning this was often neglected, but this lack of
+        coordination between zoning and planning is less common now.
+    <p>
+
+        The other important elements of existing city planning are subdivision
+        regulations and environmental regulations. Subdivision regulations
+        require that land being subdivided for development be provided with
+        adequate street, sewers, water, schools, utilities, and various design
+        features. The goal is to prevent shabby, deficient developments that
+        produce headaches for both their residents and the city. Since the
+        late 1960s, environmental regulations have exerted a stronger
+        influence on patterns of urban growth by restricting development in
+        floodplains, on unstable slopes, on earthquake faults, or near
+        sensitive natural areas. Businesses have been forced to reduce smoke
+        emissions and the disposal of wastes has been more closely monitored.
+        Overall, the pace of environmental degradation has been slowed, but
+        certainly not stopped, and a dismaying backlog of environmental
+        hazards remains to be cleaned up. City planners have plenty of work to
+        do as we move into the twenty-first century.
+    <p>
+
+    <h2>Conclusion: Good City Form</h2>
+
+    What is the good city? We are unlikely to arrive at an unequivocal
+    answer; the diversity of human needs and tastes frustrates all
+    attempts to provide recipes or instruction manuals for the building of
+    cities. However, we can identify the crucial dimensions of city
+    performance, and specify the many ways in which cities can achieve
+    success along these dimensions. <p>
+
+        A most useful guide in this enterprise is Kevin Lynch's A Theory of
+        Good City Form (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1981). Lynch offers five
+        basic dimensions of city performance: vitality, sense, fit, access,
+        and control. To these he adds two "meta-criteria," efficiency and
+        justice.
+    <p>
+
+        For Lynch, a vital city successfully fulfils the biological needs of
+        its inhabitants, and provides a safe environment for their activities.
+        A sensible city is organized so that its residents can perceive and
+        understand the city's form and function. A city with good fit provides
+        the buildings, spaces, and networks required for its residents to
+        pursue their projects successfully. An accessible city allows people
+        of all ages and background to gain the activities, resources,
+        services, and information that they need. A city with good control is
+        arranged so that its citizens have a say in the management of the
+        spaces in which they work and reside.
+    <p>
+
+        Finally, an efficient city achieves the goals listed above at the
+        least cost, and balances the achievement of the goals with one
+        another. They cannot all be maximized at the same time. And a just
+        city distributes benefits among its citizens according to some fair
+        standard. Clearly, these two meta-criteria raise difficult issues
+        which will continue to spark debates for the foreseeable future.
+    <p>
+
+        These criteria tell aspiring city builders where to aim, while
+        acknowledging the diverse ways of achieving good city form. Cities are
+        endlessly fascinating because each is unique, the product of decades,
+        centuries, or even millennia of historical evolution. As we walk
+        through city streets, we walk through time, encountering the
+        city-building legacy of past generations. Paris, Venice, Rome, New
+        York, Chicago, San Francisco -- each has its glories and its failures.
+        In theory, we should be able to learn the lessons of history and build
+        cities that our descendants will admire and wish to preserve. That
+        remains a constant challenge for all those who undertake the task of
+        city planning.
+    <p>
+
+    <p>
+
+        <hr>
+    <p>
+    <h2>Micropolis, Unix Version.</h2>
+    This game was released for the Unix platform
+    in or about 1990 and has been modified for inclusion in the One Laptop
+    Per Child program. Copyright &copy; 1989 - 2007 Electronic Arts Inc. If
+    you need assistance with this program, you may contact:
+    <a href="http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Micropolis">http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Micropolis</a> or email <a
+        href="mailto:micropolis@laptop.org">micropolis@laptop.org</a>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+        it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+        the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
+        your option) any later version.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+        WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+        MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+        General Public License for more details. You should have received a
+        copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If
+        not, see <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/">http://www.gnu.org/licenses/</a>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+    <h3 align="center">ADDITIONAL TERMS per GNU GPL Section 7</h3>
+
+    </p>
+    <p>
+        No trademark or publicity rights are granted. This license does NOT
+        give you any right, title or interest in the trademark SimCity or any
+        other Electronic Arts trademark. You may not distribute any
+        modification of this program using the trademark SimCity or claim any
+        affliation or association with Electronic Arts Inc. or its employees.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        Any propagation or conveyance of this program must include this
+        copyright notice and these terms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        If you convey this program (or any modifications of it) and assume
+        contractual liability for the program to recipients of it, you agree
+        to indemnify Electronic Arts for any liability that those contractual
+        assumptions impose on Electronic Arts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        You may not misrepresent the origins of this program; modified
+        versions of the program must be marked as such and not identified as
+        the original program.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+
+        This disclaimer supplements the one included in the General Public
+        License. <b>TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMISSIBLE UNDER APPLICABLE LAW, THIS
+            PROGRAM IS PROVIDED TO YOU "AS IS," WITH ALL FAULTS, WITHOUT WARRANTY
+            OF ANY KIND, AND YOUR USE IS AT YOUR SOLE RISK. THE ENTIRE RISK OF
+            SATISFACTORY QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE RESIDES WITH YOU. ELECTRONIC ARTS
+            DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY WARRANTIES,
+            INCLUDING IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, SATISFACTORY QUALITY,
+            FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY
+            RIGHTS, AND WARRANTIES (IF ANY) ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING,
+            USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. ELECTRONIC ARTS DOES NOT WARRANT AGAINST
+            INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE PROGRAM; THAT THE PROGRAM WILL
+            MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS; THAT OPERATION OF THE PROGRAM WILL BE
+            UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE, OR THAT THE PROGRAM WILL BE COMPATIBLE
+            WITH THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE OR THAT ANY ERRORS IN THE PROGRAM WILL BE
+            CORRECTED. NO ORAL OR WRITTEN ADVICE PROVIDED BY ELECTRONIC ARTS OR
+            ANY AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE SHALL CREATE A WARRANTY. SOME
+            JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF OR LIMITATIONS ON IMPLIED
+            WARRANTIES OR THE LIMITATIONS ON THE APPLICABLE STATUTORY RIGHTS OF A
+            CONSUMER, SO SOME OR ALL OF THE ABOVE EXCLUSIONS AND LIMITATIONS MAY
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+    </p>
+</body>
+
+</html>